Majority of the built up land is seen along the midland and lowland areas while the forest area is concentrated along the highland portion of the district. in About 45 percent of the rural population and 70 percent of the urban population have access to protected water supplies. This section focuses on the growing problem of water pollution and, more generally, the policy measures that have been implemented at the national level to deal with environmental protection. The major influx of migrants to Travancore's hilly region occurred between 1940 and 1960. Then, gradually, farmers widen the bunds and plant additional rows of coconut saplings until the entire field is converted into a raised coconut garden. : Urban pollution in Kerala with specific reference to Kochi. Thiruvananthapuram. Changes in cropping pattern in Kerala: Some evidence on substitution of coconut for rice. V. Saravanan, and According to the 2018 Statistics Report, Ernakulam has a population of 3,427,659. Thiruvananthapuram Its landform is dominated by undulating, subdued hills and steep scarp slopes, and its altitude ranges from below mean sea level to 2,694 meters above mean sea level. [22] The Sikh community in Ernakulam is also concentrated mainly in Kochi. Increases in the area classified as water bodies stem from the impoundment of the Idukki and Idamalayar reservoirs. Analysis of the Environmental Impact of the Lowland to Highland Migration in the Western Ghat Region: Kerala. The area under urban administration in 1991 accounted for 8.65 percent of the geographical area, compared with 2.66 percent in 1961 (CESS, 1997). The midland area is formed of about 58% and the highland with about 26%. The annual labor input for 1 hectare of rice has been estimated at 160 man-days; for coconut, only 75 man-days. SOURCES: Tharakan, P. K. M. 1976. . 1996 . thesis. By examining six sites ranging from agricultural to intensely urban to areas in transition, the multinational study panel asks how population growth and consumption directly cause land-use change, and explore the general nature of the forces driving the transformations. 1 In short, the relative profitability of rice cultivation had declined in favor of coconut cultivation. 1978 1994 The Feast of Eldho Mor Baselios is celebrated in the tomb church Mor Thoman Church at Kothamangalam every year on 2 and 3 October. The flora of this district is tropical. The lowlands being thickly International Congress on Kerala Studies 5 (abstracts): Figure 5-4). SOURCE: Chattopadhyay, S. 1985. . Environment and Sustainable Development: The Case of Brick Industry in Kerala. Economic Review. Impact of Plantations on Kerala's Economy with Special Reference to Rubber: Some Historical and Quantitative Aspects. Migration and deforestation are probably related to these trends. The pace of migration accelerated over the last decade primarily for two reasons. He brought a cross from Persia, which is preserved in the church. The terrain is undulating, with numerous rivers, small hills, and valleys. [8], The name Ernakulam is derived from Erayanarkulam (Tamil/Malayalam) which means 'the abode of Lord Shiva'. 20 percent of the total area are lowlands. Mary Kutty, A., Kottayam district is situated in the state of Kerala. In the highlands of Kerala with its rugged topography and heavy rainfall, forests reduce the peak flow and prolong the duration of flow, thereby reducing surface runoff. Kerala has witnessed large-scale deforestation during this century. Table 5-2). Gopinathan, C., and The infant mortality rate in Kerala has undergone a remarkable decline—from 128 per thousand live births for 1951–1961 to 13 in the early 1990s. The local populace prefers to live in single-family housing, and thus significantly more land is required to house the population than in other parts of the country. In Kerala the trend toward urbanization differs from that in the rest of India in several aspects. . An analysis of the land use dynamics of the city of Thiruvananthapuram illustrates these changes. Jeena, T. S. Muvattupuzhayar and Periyar are the main rivers, of which the latter flows through Muvattupuzha, Aluva, Kunnathunad and Parur taluks. [5], This district is listed as the "most advanced" district in Kerala. The maximum growth rate was recorded in the 1950s. Migration contributed to a change in the ratio of females to males in the highland districts of Wayanad and Idukki ( 20: Also the average height of mountains in Kerala is also shown. lation among religious groups. Cropping Pattern Changes and Employment Effects in Selected Districts of Kerala. Institute. Thus the state economy has become somewhat dependent on remittances. Given the relative prices of principal imports and exports and the prevailing foreign trade arrangements, the allocation of agricultural resources to nonfood crops seemed advantageous for Travancore. The midland constitutes the undulating to rolling terrain. . The Jews, Syrians, Arabs, Chinese, Dutch, British, and Portuguese seafarers followed the sea route to the Kingdom of Cochin and left their impressions on the town. The lowland region, ranging from nearly level to gently sloping, is a strip of land running along the coast bordering the Arabian Sea, and it occupies approximately 10 per-~ enlarge ~ FIGURE 5-1 Map of Kerala. Key Indicators of Rural Department. As a result, beginning in the 1960s the population growth rate of Malabar caught up with and surpassed that of Travancore. The commercial crop sector of Travancore responded positively to the stimulus by developing a lucrative export market, based on comparatively high prices (Panikar et al., 1978). [20], Ernakulam also has a significant Konkani Hindu population who escaped from Goa during the Goa Inquisition. The hills and upland soils, composed of laterite and laterite-derived materials are deep, well-drained loams and clays with a fairly high gravel content. Muvattupuzha and Kothamangalam taluks, which were initially parts of the Kottayam district and constitute the highlands. Table 5-5). The lowland region, ranging from nearly level to gently sloping, is a strip of land running along the coast bordering the Arabian Sea, and it occupies approximately 10 per-. The Pamba river basin has an area of 2082.80 km2, including 50.59 km2 Lowland, 238.711 km2 Midland, 902.74 km2 Highland and 568.25 km2 Highrange. The major part of the Kunnathunadu taluk also is in the midland … Ernakulam has 17 railway stations. In the first stage deforestation resulted from the expansion of cultivated area to forestland, fueled by government policies set in place in the 1940s. According to Key Indicators of Rural Development, published in 1996 by the government of Kerala, the proportion of population living below the poverty line in Kerala declined from 46 percent in 1977, to 26.1 percent in 1984, to 16.4 percent in 1988. The midland region, with altitudes ranging from 7.5 to 75 meters above mean sea level, is made up primarily of valleys. Kallil Kshethram is a famous Jain temple near Perumbavoor. The government's differential tax structure on wetland, gardens, and wasteland also encouraged a shift away from paddy. this step was taken to increase food production in the 1960s, large-scale rubber cultivation later was implemented in the area. The analysis was carried out using the land use and land type data extracted from Survey of India topographical maps and IRS images with a scale of 1:50,000. thesis. Although the ratio of females to males was greater than one for Kerala generally, the ratio of females to males was lowest—966 and 975 females per thousand males, respectively—in the Wayanad and Idukki Districts, where the inmigrant population was mostly male. For the purpose of taxation, land in Travancore had been classified as wetlands, garden, and wasteland. The lowland region is well known for its backwaters with extensive rice fields and coconut plantations. Table 5-4). Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. Thiruvananthapuram Kerala Geographical Features are diversified into three natural divisions: Lowland or seaboard [height below 7.62 m (25 feet)]; Plains or midland [height between 7.62m (250 feet) and 76.2m (250 feet)] and Hills or highland [height above 76.2 m (250 feet)] Old Survey of India maps, LANDSAT images from 1973, and IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) images from 1992 reveal a progressive decline in natural vegetation cover in the Idukki District from 88 percent in 1905 to 20 percent in 1992. indicates that conversion of rice land to urban uses is greatest within and near the city. Several economic and political forces favored the shift. Adi Shankaracharya was born in Kalady, which is considered to be a major pilgrimage centre for Hindus around the world. The increase in utilizable groundwater potential with Mazhapolima is estimated for the sample area representing highland, midland and lowland is … ‘The topography of Kerala could be divided into highland, midland and lowland areas.’ ‘The refuges were mainly areas of lowland rainforest that survived when savanna became more widely distributed in colder and drier episodes.’ In both of these regions, rice was primarily replaced by coconut, followed by rubber. Contributing factors are an extensive network of health infrastructure, high female education levels, and general health consciousness and awareness. [5] Its population growth rate in 2001–2011 was 5.69%. The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 seeks to prevent diversion of forestland to any other purpose. . Kerala is well known for having a cleaner environment than the other states of India. Kochi Metro runs in Kochi. Thiruvananthapuram The sea along the entire coast of the district and its backwaters are the habitat of various kinds of fish that supply both marine and inland fisheries. Ministry of Environment and Forest and courtyards, 15 percent for roads and railways, and 10 percent for canals and storage tanks. The state has three distinct elevation zones known as the lowland, midland, and highland regions ( The 1991 female literacy rate of 86.2 percent was more than double the national average of 39.3 percent. According to the 1991 census, Hindus made up 57 percent of the population, Muslims 23 percent, and Christians 19 percent ( Travancore Land Revenue Manual. Rice is the principal crop cultivated in the wetlands. Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains, comprising a swathe of land running along central Kerala. It was founded by ornithologist Salim Ali. Forest, including degraded forest and forest plantations. FIGURE 5-1 Map of Kerala. Because yield increases during this period did not match the decrease in area, total production also declined. 1980 The religious composition of Kerala is more balanced than that of the nation as a whole. Based on a 1992–1993 survey, the state Department of Economics and Statistics estimated that of the almost 1.2 million migrants from Kerala, some 56 percent migrated to the Middle East and other foreign countries and 44 percent to other parts of India (Government of Kerala, 1997). Rice is a labor-intensive crop, and a decline in the area devoted to its cultivation has adverse impacts on employment opportunities, income distribution, and. The Feast of Paulose Mar Athanasius on 26 January at Thrikkunnathu St Mary's Seminary Church, Aluva, where he is entombed, also attracts thousands. The state has three distinct elevation zones known as the lowland, midland, and highland regions ( Figure 5-2). Based on these characteristics, the state can be divided into six major zones—lowlands and coastal plains, Malabar midlands, Palghat region, southern midlands, foothills, and eastern highlands. M.Phil. The midland consists mainly of plain land and a group of islands that naturally drain water via backwaters and canals. The altitude of the highlands is about 300 m. The Periyar River, Kerala's longest, flows through all the taluks except Muvattupuzha. Kochi and Paravur taluks and western part of Kanayannoor taluk constitute the low land while Aluva, Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam and eastern portion of the Kanayannur taluk come under the midland region. Because rice straw is the main source of roughage for feeding cattle, a reduction in rice cultivation also leads to reduced availability of cattle feed. In a survey of 341 farmers migrating to Malabar between 1940 and 1980, Joseph (1998) found that of the land they acquired, approximately 55 percent was cultivable wasteland, 38 percent forestland, and the remaining 7 percent cultivated land ( The mean annual rainfall is approximately 2,900 millimeters, with a range of 651–5,883 millimeters. The work revealed that lowland area remained the zone of preference of population in the district along with the midland areas. The lowland region forms about 15% of the total area of the district. 1982 , Government of India. By the turn of the nineteenth century, it had a population of 57,882, which had grown to 524,006 in 1991. Proceedings of the Eighth Kerala Science Congress. Between 1980 and 1997 the state income at constant prices indicated an annual growth rate of 5.8 percent and at current prices a growth rate of 10.4 percent. The handloom industry employs another 200,000 workers. The emigration rate was 0.22 percent between 1971 and 1981, when approximately 250,000 persons left Kerala for employment in the Middle East. , To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. Pp. Many types of sands, soil, and rocks are abundant here. . Geographical Map of Kerala showing the 3 geographical regions viz. In the year 1998, Kuttampuzha village was added to the district from Idukki district following which the district got a political boundary with neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. The Periyar is stretched over a length of 229 km. In addition to enforcing these regulations, Kerala has enacted certain rules for land use practices. On the one hand, the spatial expansion of urban centers brings more rural area under urban administration. [15], In 2017, Ernakulam district administration launched the Roshni project, which aims to provide Malayalam education to migrant children. In 1896, the Maharaja of Cochin initiated local administration by forming a town council in Ernakulam. A100–A107 1997 Kerala's notable accomplishments in the health standards of its population are reflected in the state's low infant mortality rate, low maternal mortality rate, and high life expectancy. The intercensal growth rate, which includes both natural increase and net migration, was high—2.31 percent—between 1961 and 1971; it then declined to 1.75 percent between 1971 and 1981 and to 1.32 percent between 1981 and 1991. Cropping Pattern Changes and Employment Effects in Selected Districts of Kerala. Pp. ~ enlarge ~ The conversion of rice land to other uses has increased Kerala's dependence on other states to meet its rice requirements. The birth and fertility rates of Kerala have declined consistently over the last 40 years (see Figure 5-2). Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Kerala has an area of 38,864 square kilometers, roughly the size of Switzerland. In Thiruvananthapuram land use changes over the years were instrumental in changing the landscape ecology, which had far-reaching consequences for the environment. A Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. In 1991 the population of Kerala was about 29 million; between 1901 and 1991 the population had increased approximately fivefold. Furthermore, the inheritance system of the Syrian Christians, which allowed the partitioning of land among sons, provided farmers with the incentive to dispose of small, inherited tracts of land in Travancore in. The year 1975 is considered a major turning point in cropping patterns; the area used for rice cultivation reached its peak that year ( New Delhi The hilly or eastern portion is formed by a section of the Western Ghats. Backwaters and rural estuaries in Kerala experience varying degrees of pollution. The district is divided geographically into highland, midland, and coastal area. Not a MyNAP member yet? . . Water transport is prominent in the district via rivers and lagoons. State policies on taxation, coupled with lax enforcement of regulations prohibiting the conversion of rice land to other purposes, have accelerated the process of rice land conversion. District-wise, with the exception of the Ernakulam and Kannur Districts, the spatial expansion of urbanization is either stagnant or slow. In the highland region, with its ranges of steep hills, altitudes range from 75 to 750 meters above mean sea level. Viz high land, midland, costal lowland. . The district includes Kochi, also known as the IT and commercial capital of Kerala, which is famous for its ancient Hindu temples, churches, and mosques. It had a resident population of 3,105,798 as of 2001, excluding the commuters from neighbouring districts. . New York Cochin International Airport is located in the northern part of the district at Nedumbassery village in Angamaly. An earlier analysis by Unni (1983) of the factors responsible for the shift from rice to coconut cultivation during the 1960s and 1970s revealed that rice prices had fluctuated during that period while coconut prices increased consistently. But over time the share of deforested land in the total land acquired declined, and from 1980 on land was acquired mainly through purchases from earlier settlers ( P. P. Ouseph. thesis. 1997. The use of remittances for nonproductive activities, especially acquisition of consumer items manufactured outside the state, has earned Kerala a reputation as a consumer state. Urban growth exceeded 5 percent in the decades 1941–1951 and 1981–1991. A comparison of the land use data for Thiruvananthapuram for 1961 and 1976 reveals that the areas classified as wetland, rice fields, and parks and open spaces declined cumulatively from 36.5 percent in 1961 to 17.45 percent in 1976 ( For example, under its “Grow More Food” campaign, the government granted exclusive cultivation rights in the forest area of the Idukki District. The science academies of the three most populous countries have joined forces in an unprecedented effort to understand the linkage between population growth and land-use change, and its implications for the future. Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, covers an area of 326 square kilometers. Thiruvananthapuram Potential effect of fertiliser residues on algae of Kuttanad. Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features? When rice land was converted to nonagricultural uses, 44 percent was used for buildings. In 1981 Kerala had an urban population of only 19 percent, compared with a national average of 23 percent. The female population outnumbered the male population throughout the century; the number of females per thousand males increased from 1,004 in 1901 to 1,036 in 1991. , 18(39): There is no interstate road that connects the district with the neighbouring state through this border. Protection of the environment is part of the Indian cultural heritage. M.Phil. . Photocopy. SOURCE: Government of Kerala. Expectation of life at birth is an important indicator of the overall health of the population. 2. During 1996–1997 the immunization coverage for pregnant women was 87 percent; for infants it was 100 percent coverage against typhoid, tetanus, polio, and tuberculosis and 99 percent coverage against measles. C. M. Joy, and Background paper no. Kumaran, P. The situation remained unchanged up to 1981, and an additional 12.54 percent of the total district area came under urban administration in 1991. Introduction. Moreover, mining clay upstream and in the middle area of irrigation projects adversely affects water retention capacity. In a study of several villages in the Idukki District, Jeena (1997) observes that the changes in land use pattern between 1940 and 1990 occurred in two stages. Thiruvananthapuram Second, farmers are moving from land-scarce regions to regions that offer greater potential for cultivation. Table 5-11). The state economy does, however, experience temporary setbacks during years of large-scale return migration such as 1991 and 1997. Jawaharlal Nehru University Although no detailed study has been carried out for the entire state, site-specific analyses, especially of water quality, have been conducted over. In view of the wide variation in physical settings and development patterns in Kerala, aggregate data at the state level do not capture the dynamic processes involved in the state's land use transformation. Many farmers in the midland region in Travancore had begun to grow commercial crops by the turn of the century, but the depression of the 1930s had placed small farmers under heavy debt. Economic Review. order to acquire more profitable land in Malabar. T. Joseph. As a major port and industrial center, this region is subject to heavy anthropogenic pressure. Its research has found high concentrations of dissolved and particulate cadmium and mercury in water samples collected from. The peasant migration acquired momentum in the 1940s and continued during the 1950s and 1960s. with a national average of 25 percent. In the absence of major investments in productive sectors, it is likely that the state will remain a net consumer in the future. The tax on rice land was 20 percent of gross income, on land cultivating coconuts 1.5 percent, and on land used for rubber cultivation 2 percent (Narayanan, 1994). Kerala's location and altitudinal variations have endowed the state with a wide range of agroecological conditions. For farmers, this development included a movement away from rice cultivation and toward commercial crop production (Uma Devi, 1984). Jawaharlal Nehru University Chinese Net Bridge at Marine Drive walkway, Heritage Building of Ernakulam District Court, This article is about the district in Kerala. SOURCE: Resource Atlas, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram. Deforestation in parts of Western Ghats region (Kerala), India. Highland And Lowland Reservoirs Combos There are also lakes with both highland and lowland reservoirs characteristics such as my home waters of Lake of the Ozarks or Grand Lake O’ the Cherokees. 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