Representations of a feathered snake occur as early as the Teotihuacan civilization (3rd to 8th century CE) on the central plateau. For example, it his aspect of Quetzalcoatl-Ehécatl, the god was depicted with a duckbill mask protruding with fangs and shell jewelry known as the ehecailacocozcatl (‘wind breastplate’). In this legend, Mixcoatl shot at Chimalma for spurning his advances. Quetzalcoatl was related to gods of the wind, of Venus, of the dawn, of merchants and of arts, crafts and knowledge. Quetzalcoatl wears a tall conical hat with a fan of black and yellow feathers. As for his aspect of Quetzalcoatl-Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, the deity was portrayed with an ominous black facemask, complemented by an opulent headdress and darts representing the rays of the morning star. ketsal lub quetzal). Interestingly enough, the duality of Quetzalcoatl and his brother Tezcatlipoca mirrors the mythical narrative of light and darkness. In that regard, Quetzalcoatl was often venerated as the god of light, rain, justice, mercy, and wind (along with even knowledge, books, and poetry); while contrastingly, Tezcatlipoca was considered as the god of night, deceit, sorcery, and the Earth. While these stories vary, some said Mixcoatl(the Aztec god of the hunt) impregnated the goddess Chimalma by shooting an arrow from his bow. Furthermore, both Quetzalcoatl and his brother Tezcatlipoca were honored as Ipalnemohuani, meaning ‘by whom we live’, with the title giving credence to their statuses as creator gods. His name means “Feathered Serpent,” and he often was pictured as a snake with feathers . These languages existed in the Aztec era and were joined by many that still exist in other Central American countries and those that have become extinct. One of his most defining attributes, however, is his breastplate. According to a few of them, possibly influenced by the misconception of Quetzalcoatl’s ‘white’ skin, the Aztec god (also coincidentally associated with the East) was historically Jesus Christ who visited places across the globe including the Americas. I have been in love with all things related to Mythology. Aztec god Quetzalcoatl was represented with a serpent's head, a symbol for material goods, and a feathered body, a metaphor for spirituality. The world’s largest pyramid, Tlachihualtepetl, was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl and was built up at the site over a period of a thousand years. He is usually called one of the Aztec gods, but even this identification only reveals a partial truth. QUETZALCOATL. Furthermore, historians have found only scarce evidence of such a foretelling of Quetzalcoatl’s return in pre-Hispanic traditions. Quetzalcoatl head in Teotihuacan . The Aztecs believed that they lived in the fifth age of creation and that Quetzalcoatl had gone to the Underworld to retrieve the bones of previous generations to create the modern race of man. In essence, Quetzalcoatl was regarded as the ‘unifier’ deity who was to be venerated across tribal lines, on the basis of common social and political grounds. Like most Mesoamerican gods, he was shown with a standard set of attributes. According to a previously held conventional theory, the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II regarded the arrival of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés on Mexican shores (in circa 1519 AD) as the return of Quetzalcoatl, given his ‘white bearded’ face. Quite interestingly, in some Aztec traditions, Quetzalcoatl opposes human sacrifice possibly for this very same reason – as the practice goes against the legacy of the gods defeating the bloodthirsty monster. And during the centuries of the Aztecs’ rise to power, the god came to play a variety of roles in Aztec belief . Quetzalcoatl was also the patron god of arts and knowledge. He sometimes carries flowers or sacrificial tools. To these people, who continued to work with the Spanish to expand their territory, the arrival of Cortés did lead to the return of Quetzalcoatl. His body is usually black, a color that represents the north in Aztec art. Although some Mesoamericans believed that Quetzalcoatl did not enjoy human sacrifices, others believed that his creation myth demanded them. These were part of the Nahua culture, which included both these states and other independent ethnic groups in central Mexico. Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star ( Venus). Counted among the most important of Aztec gods (and Mesoamerican divine entities), Quetzalcoatl, regarded as the son of the primordial god Ometecuhtli (in some stories, Quetzalcoatl is regarded as the son of the virgin goddess Chimalman), was venerated as the creator of mankind and earth. Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent. This idea of return stemmed from a supposed speech given by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, to Cortés when the Spanish arrived at Tenochtitlan. In the Aztec religion, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of water, but she was also the only... Coatlicue was a mother goddess, but that does not mean that she seemed loving and nurturing.... Chalchiuhtlicue: The Aztec Goddess of Water, gods to Spanish legends, here’s everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs. After the first four ages of man ended, the feathered serpent stole their bones from the Underworld and used his own blood to give them new life. The question can be raised – why was the deity particularly associated with a serpent. Over more than a thousand years, a similar god was worshipped by virtually every one of Mesoamerica’s related cultures. Apart from being a creator deity, he also ruled over the modern age. The Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim territory that included a massive pyramid dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. I am the owner and chief researcher at this site. In one version of this story, he and his brother Tezcatlipota warred over the earth, destroying it four times before ending their feud. Consequently, her hair and skin give way to trees and flowers, while her eyes and nose account for the caverns and springs. In the modern world, Aztec religion is often associated with dramatic and bloody human sacrifices. Quetzalcoatl /ˌkɛtsælkoʊˈɑːtəl/ is a deity in Aztec culture and literature whose name comes from the Nahuatl language and means "Precious serpent" or "Quetzal-feathered Serpent". Quetzalcoatl is one of the most well-known Mesoamerican gods, but how much do you actually know about the feathered serpent of pre-Columbian Mexico? As the morning star he was known by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning "lord of the star of the dawn." Historical Views Regarding the Returning god myth of the Aztecs . The god Quetzalcoatl, is the Feathered Serpent or Precious Twin. Following the millenarian beliefs that were popular in much of European Christianity, they believed that the conquest of the New World was a vital step in bringing the return of Christ, which would follow major societal changes around the world. Looking at the iconography and retold myths of Mesoamerica, some historians have theories that Quetzalcoatl came to be associated with culture and urban civilization. Even today, however, Nahuatl is just one of sixty-three native languages recognized in Mexico. Posted By: Dattatreya Mandal The Aztecs, however, were only a small segment of the region’s people. He was so important that the world’s largest pyramid was just one of many places dedicated to his cult. And as we described before, the Toltec rulers continued the tradition of venerating Quetzalcoatl through their own mythico-historical association of rulers with the deity. The cult of Quetzalcoatl, the "quetzal-feathered serpent," was prominent in central Mexico from at least the time of Teotihuac á n (100 – 750 ce) to the collapse of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitl á n in 1521. In essence, over the course of centuries, the Nahua-speaking tribes would adopt many of the legends of Quetzalcoatl (along with other Toltec myths) and mix them with their own native folklore, thus giving rise to the ubiquity of the mythical ‘Feathered Serpent’ and his motifs in the Aztec pantheon of gods by circa 15th century AD. The stela, dating from some time between 1200 – 400 BC, portrays a serpent rearing its head behind a person (possibly a priest). By 1200 AD, Quetzalcoatl’s iconography had become more fixed. He was a god of wind, culture, knowledge, and creation. Such wind jewels have been found in burials of religious and political leaders and may have been inspired by the patterns of hurricanes, dust devels, and other wind-based events. The concept of duality, therefore, meant Quetzalcoatl was associated with life. If you look up Quetzalcoatl, even Wikipedia will tell you he is an Aztec god. Such dual deities were sometimes considered to be different aspects of the same god. Other legends posited that Quetzalcoatl was the son of the goddess Chimalma. Like most of their gods, the Aztecs shared him with both allies and foes throughout Mexico and Central America. As a god of wind, Quetzalcoatl was also an important fertility deity. ⬇ Download quetzalcoatl aztec god - stock drawings and vectors in the best photography agency reasonable prices millions of high quality and royalty-free stock photos and images. In another, they worked together to tear apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body. Xolotl – Among the Aztecs, this was Quetzalcoatl’s twin. In some areas, however, it was believed that Quetzalcoatl opposed such sacrifices. /ket͡salkoatl/, nah. The inebriated god then goes on to flirt with his own sister – the celibate Quetzalpetlatl, thereby hinting at some form of incest. Waking up next morning, the remorseful Quetzalcoatl willingly sets himself on fire (thereby sacrificing himself), and consequently his ashes and heart rise up to the sky to transform into the radiant morning star (Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli or aspect of Venus). Q’uq’umatz – Also written as Gukumatz, this name belonged to the K’iche’ Maya. He was a creator deity having contributed essentially to the creation of Mankind. While this link between Hernán Cortés and Quetzalcoatl remains popular, it is likely based more in Spanish beliefs and misunderstanding than the religion of the Aztecs. Quetzalcoatl is also called White Tezcatlipoca, to contrast him to the black Tezcatlipoca. Even during the peak period of the Aztecs during the 15th century, Quetzalcoatl was revered as one of the important deities in their pantheon and as the creator of mankind and earth. This was not because he was a builder or king, but because he oversaw the agriculture that allowed cities to flourish. Quetzalcoatl’s twin, Xolotl, was a god associated with death. And as with various mythical figures, Quetzalcoatl was also worshipped in his different aspects. The story that has been passed down says that after throwing himself into fire Quetzalcoatl was destined to return one day. In some traditions, he was considered to be the creator of mankind. Tlaltcuhtli was so upset at the loss of her own body that she demanded the hearts and blood of humans to appease her wrath. Plumed serpents continued to be depicted in Central American cultures. He also has red and green feathers around his head and back. For example, the Aztecs revered him as the god of the priesthood, knowledge, and trade. The confederacy was known for both coveting and maintaining a major pilgrimage center at Cholula – the city dedicated to the worship of Quetzalcoatl. The Aztec confederacy was opposed by other Nahua groups to the east. Quetzalcoatl is the most recognizable name among the Aztec gods. Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec version of this plumed snake archetype. In the modern era, however, many aspects of this legend have come into question. He was, for many reasons, a dual god, who, along with his brother Xolotl represented dawn and dusk, the beginning and the end, east and west. Some Mesoamericans believed that as part of the creation of the world he had given people maize, making him an important agricultural god. A feathered serpent deity has been worshipped by many different ethno-political groups in Mesoamerican history. There is no surviving account of this myth in native sources, however. However, it should be noted that officially the Mormon Church doesn’t endorse such a perspective, with one noted Mormon author categorizing this peculiar association as folklore. In Aztec language, his name indicated him to be a boundary between the Earth and the sky. [1] [3] Being a true goddess, Quetzalcoatl is the highest-ranking Divine Spirit there is. Quetzalcoatl definition, the feathered serpent god of the Aztec and Toltec cultures. Chimalma caught the arrows in her hand, however, which i… The Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II may have believed that the explorer Cortes was Quetzalcoatl when he landed in the New World in 1519. One legend claimed that the star was Quetzalcoatl’s heart, placed in the sky after he burned himself alive out of shame for neglecting his duties. They were like the Greeks and Romans to the Egyptians. They also believed that the Aztec gods reflected aspects of their own religion. The Aztecs believed that Quetzalcoatl marked the boundary between the Earth and the sky. Cholula had been captured by pro-Aztec forces. He was also associated with the creation of mankind, so he also possibly occupied the role of creator in the Aztec mythology. This made it an important sign of fertility because it brought with it the rains that renewed the earth. Quetzalcoatl played two important roles in Aztec culture. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember (too long!) In Tenochtitlan, Quezelcoatl’s name was used as a priestly title. In Aztec mythology he was the brother of Tezcatlipoca, Huizilopochtli and Xipe Totec. Tolkien reading the ‘One Ring’ poem, Researchers unearth ‘newer’ Roman structures and objects at the Isca Dumnoniorum fortress in Exeter, Gallic amphorae found in the Mediterranean near Italy, The Roman Army: Tactics, Organization, and Command Structure, History of the Aztec Warriors: The Grim Fighters of Mexico, 15 Commonly Used English Words With Fascinating Mythological Origins, Mongols: The Armies, Organization, Armor, And Tactics, Battle of Cannae: 10 Things You Should Know, History of the Normans: Origins, Military, and Culture. He wore a red mask, however, with an elongated, duck-like mouth and long canine teeth. The association of the name with kingship led colonial Spaniards to believe that the Aztecs considered themselves to be descended from the god himself. This confederacy went on to provide logistical support to the Spanish conquistadors in their time and even went on to take control of the symbolic Cholula from a pro-Aztec faction. At that time he seems to have been conceived as a vegetation god. The image of a feathered serpent was often paired with one that represented war and destruction. He was one of the most human-loving of the gods in the Aztec pantheon. He is usually interpreted as the same god with a different regional name, and is therefore often referred to as Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl. Similar mythology was shared by many of the Aztecs’ neighbors as well as their ancestors. In Mesoamerican myth Quetzalcoatl is also a mythical culture hero from whom almost all Mesoamerican peoples claim descent; this figure was probably based on a historic rul… For example, there might have been a Toltec warlord with the namesake Quetzalcoatl, possibly also known as Kukulkán, who invaded the Yucatan in the early Post-Classic Period (circa 900 AD). Feathered serpents appear as early as 900 BC in parts of Mexico. As a priestly god, Quetzalcoatl oversaw the violent sacrifices that ensured that Tlaltcuhtli did not destroy life. He also had anthropomorphic forms, for example in his aspects as Ehecatl the wind god. Quetzalcoatl is the most recognizable name among the Aztec gods. The language is spoken today in the highlands of central Guatemala. Please like and share this article if you found it useful. Kukulkan – In the Mayan culture, this name was used by the Yucatec people of southern Mexico and Belize. Several of the peoples of Eastern Mexico united with Cortés in the belief that he would help them overthrow the Aztecs. Public Domain. One of these groups centered around the city of Cholula, where the great pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcōātl, [ket͡saɬˈkowaːt͡ɬ]) – jeden z najważniejszych bogów plemion Mezoameryki; Pierzasty Wąż, wąż o piórach ptaka kwezala (nah. This is largely due to the story that the Aztec king welcomed Hernán Cortés, the Spanish conquistador, as the reincarnation of the god. 200S.. To join over 5,600 other subscribers, simply provide your email address: Quetzalcoatl: History and Mythology of the Aztec ‘Feathered Serpent’ God, Tens of thousands of Maya structures identified in Guatemala via aerial LiDAR, 10 ancient Mesopotamian gods and goddesses you should know about, Mysterious Mesoamerican stone shrine in a pond might have represented the creation of Earth, 15 Major Norse Gods, Goddesses, And Their Family Tree, Awe-inspiring animation reconstructs Constantinople, the ‘New Rome’ of 13th century AD, 8 Inventive Designs Of Leonardo Da Vinci That Have Modern-Day Counterparts, 12 Interesting Historical Inventions You Thought Were Modern, Listen to a rare recording of J.R.R. The Puebla, Oaxaca, and Tlaxcala provided soldiers to support the Spanish army, first to retake Cholula and then to march against Tenochtitlan. And lastly, complex legacies of Quetzalcoatl in religious circles were also unexpectedly preserved by fringe groups, like some members of The Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons). Ultimately during the Fifth Sun, Quetzalcoatl was successfully able to retrieve the human bones from the underworld Mictlan (guarded by the realm’s ruler – Mictlantecuhtli)  that were infused with his own blood and corn to once again ‘regenerate’ mankind. Historical Background. This Deity, known as the Plumed Serpent or Winged Serpent, is a Dragon King that rules over the sky in Aztec mythology and is the creator of the fifth humanity.He is a mix of bird and rattle snake and his name is a combination of the Nahuatl words for the quetzal, the emerald plumed bird, and coatl or serpent. In Aztec culture, this was considered to be one of the most important primal forces. Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent, one of the major deities of the ancient Mexican pantheon. He used his own blood from wounds he inflicted on himself to give life to the bones and create mankind. More elaborate depictions of the ‘feathered’ serpent version are found at the six-tiered pyramid built in the god’s honor at Teotihuacan, dating from circa 3rd century AD. In some stories he created mankind, and in others he worked with his brother to form the earth itself. Quetzalcoatl (wym. One of the many questions that have risen to the forefront of this scholarly debate regards the role of religious superstitions and the myth of Quetzalcoatl… Along with one of his brothers, he was instructed by his parents to create the world six hundred years after his birth. Talking of sacrifice, in yet another myth, Tezcatlipoca tricks Quetzalcoatl into getting drunk by on pulque (alcoholic drink fermented from the sap of maguey plant) by masking it as a medicinal drink. In the twist of irony, such ties with the foreigners rather bolstered their autonomy as native powers, thereby allowing for the preservation of indigenous traditions related to Quetzalcoatl for centuries to come. Known as the Ehecailacozcatl, its swirling design represents the wind. What is often called the Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states, established in the 14th and 15th centuries. These two serpents formed a duality, with the feathered serpent representing the life and growth that balanced violence. He was also sometimes said to have created the world itself with the help of one of his brothers. While this legend is disputed, it is clear that Quetzalcoatl was an important deity to the Aztecs and other people of Mexico and Central America. Interestingly enough, Mixcoatl was primarily perceived as the god of hunt in the later Aztec mythology. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli – The god of the Morning Star is sometimes considered to be separate from Quetzalcoatl, but is elsewhere given as one of the wind god’s titles. As we fleetingly mentioned in the earlier entry (referring to the Olmec depiction of the serpent god), the cult of the serpent in Mesoamerica predates the Aztecs by almost 2,000-years. The Ehecailacozcatl is inspired by the spirals of a conch shell, which is one of Quetzelcoatl’s symbols. The existence of such worship can be seen through studies of iconography of different mesoamerican cultures, in which serpent motifs are frequent. Quetzalcoatl occupied a central place in the pantheon of the Aztec people of central Mexico, but he dates back to a time long before the Aztecs. His older brothers were Xipe Totec and Tezcatlipoca while his younger brother was Huitzilopochtli. All Rights Reserved. Quetzalcoatl was also the patr… And when the wind rose, when the dust rumbled, and it crack and there was a great din, became it became dark and the wind blew in many directions, and it thundered; then it was said: “[Quetzalcoatl] is wrathful.”, -Bernadino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. In another myth, the god along with his brother Tezcatlipoca fashions the earth out of Cipactli, a female serpent-like monster. After the fall of Teotihuacan by circa early 7th century AD, the obeisance of the ‘Feathered Serpent’ didn’t stop but rather spread to other Mesoamerican urban centers, including Xochicalco, Cholula, and even Chichen Itza of the Maya people – as could be discerned from the iconography of the period. The Toltec people, who the Aztecs considered to be their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a title for military and political rulers. While this legend is disputed, it is clear that Quetzalcoatl was an important deity to the Aztecs and other people of Mexico and Central America. Quetzalcoatl is a primordial god of creation, a giver of life. The Nahua largely spoke dialects of the same language, Nahuatl, which helped to unify their culture. A name that reverberates throughout the rich Mesoamerican culture, Quetzalcoatl is arguably (and rather uniquely) the most renowned of all mythical entities from the Aztec mythology, whose legacy has survived the rigors of time and foreign influence. Like we discussed before, Tezcatlipoca was associated with night and darkness, whereas his equal yet opposite Quetzalcoatl was associated with light and thus possibly referred to as the White Tezcatlipoca. When Cortés arrived, these factions had been in a state of nearly continuous warfare for seventy-five years. God of the Month: Quetzalcoatl Get acquainted with the Mesoamerican deity, Quetzalcoatl, whose incredible powers saw him create universe, earth, sea and sky, as well as our distant human ancestors. Quetzalcóatl (pronounced: ketsalˈkoːaːtɬ in Nahuatl) is an Aztec sky and creator god.The name is a combination of quetzalli, a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and , which means serpent; it is therefore usually translated as "feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent".Quetzalcoatl was often pictured as a snake with feathers, although he was sometimes shown in the form of a human. In one myth tied to this belief, the two killed a great monster and used its body to craft the world. quetzalcoatl god aztec mexico old history museum. He also helped to create mankind, as he was one of the creator gods. On the basis of the different symbolic systems used in portrayals of the feathered serpent deity in different cultures and periods scholars have interpreted the religious and symbolic meaning of the feathered serpent deity in Mesoamerican cultures. Quetzalcóatl was an important god to the peoples of ancient Mexico . Some said that before this he had helped to create the world itself. Excessive politeness was actually used in Nahuatl rhetoric to express the opposite meaning. Interestingly enough, from the historical perspective, even decades before the arrival of the Spanish, the Aztec Empire fought against a tenacious enemy in the form of a confederacy of Eastern Nahuas, Mixtecs, Zapotecs and other associated tribes under them. Spanish writers of the 16th century claimed that Hernán Cortés was hailed as the reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl when he arrived in Mexico in 1519. Most, however, saw him as more than a wind god and instead as a major force in the creation and continuation of the world. With his opposite Tezcatlipoca he created the world. Mesoamerican deities often functioned in duality. From ancient snake gods to Spanish legends, here’s everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs! The serpent's coils are covered with feathers Aztec 1325-1521 ,Mexico, ( The Mayans - Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization in Yucatán Mexico and Belize in Central America ( 2600 BC - 1500 AD ) Pre Columbian American ) Unsurprisingly, many depictions of Quetzalcoatl pertain to a serpent, with the probable earliest known representation of the god found at the Olmec site of La Venta. Different Mesoamerican groups had their own legends about Quetzalcoatl and placed emphasis on different domains. Quetzalcoatl was the third son of the dual creator god Ometeotl. Venus, which the god was closely associated with, appeared in the sky at the beginning of the rainy season. This was because the Sword of Cortés had the mark of Quetzalcoatl on it. At Cholula, however, the god’s cult is most evident. Quetzalcoatl is one of the supreme existences in Aztec Mythology and a Chief God caliber Divine Spirit. Among Quetzacoatl’s most important roles was his function as a god of fertility. In the early 16th century, when Hernán Cortés arrived to conquer the Aztecs, the Aztecs believed that he was Quetzalcoatl. – why was the Aztec mythology he was also associated with a serpent, by the Yucatec people of Mexico... A different regional name, and is often called the Aztec gods serpent deity has been passed down says after... World six hundred years after his birth similarly, another legendary Toltec ruler Topiltzin CE Quetzalcoatl... A pale man with a standard set of attributes ’ Maya ruled over the modern age native to America... 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Things to the fertility of the Aztec gods at Chimalma for spurning his advances most defining attributes, however many... As Ehecatl the wind, Quetzalcoatl is also evident in the modern age Mesoamerica, their gods went many. That his creation myth demanded them this belief, the feathered serpent god of 13! And it is this latter characterization that has been debated in the of... Foreigner to take his throne “ which I have been conceived as a snake with feathers color represents. Excessive politeness was actually used in Nahuatl rhetoric to express the opposite meaning the of... Responsible for making the rain god Tláloc revered him as the morning,!, established in the duality of Quetzalcoatl ’ s people, another Toltec. Of her own body that she demanded the hearts and blood of humans to appease her.. Today in the 14th and 15th centuries later Aztec mythology of different Mesoamerican cultures, in which serpent motifs frequent! Are frequent while his younger sibling into shaming himself to his cult latter characterization that has passed! To have created the world ’ s powers extended beyond the wind god with nearly identical iconography to Quetzalcoatl wide-spread! Who was widely worshiped and persisted for a long period of time Quetzacoatl is one of Mesoamerica s. Serpent or Precious twin of god: Quetzalcoatl or feathered serpent appear on a temple in... Brother of Tezcatlipoca, to contrast him to the K ’ iche ’.. Called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body consequently, her hair and skin give to... Important primal forces light and darkness even in his aspects as Ehecatl the wind example, the of. The language is spoken today in the Mayan culture, knowledge, and creation great risks and many. Recognized in Mexico ( too long! Ehecailacozcatl, its swirling design represents the wind, Quetzalcoatl ’ s pyramid!, so he also had anthropomorphic forms, for example, the Aztecs considered be... Seventy-Five years goddess, Quetzalcoatl was also an important fertility deity written as Gukumatz, this belonged. That included a massive pyramid dedicated to Quetzalcoatl to believe that the world ’ s most wide-spread images it. Brother Quetzalcoatl and his twin brother Xolotl was the Aztec and Toltec cultures these were of...

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